各国用水量是多少?

人口驱动需求,但肉类等用水密集型食物也是如此

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我们每天都听到需要节约淡水。这个目标似乎是明智的——尽管如果不使用可靠的方法来量化各国的用水量,就无法知道人类是否正在取得任何进展。为了找出答案,荷兰特温特大学的工程师阿冉·霍克斯特拉和梅斯芬·梅科宁计算了世界各国的水足迹以及这些国家的人均用水量。

总体而言,世界每年用水量为 90870 亿立方米。中国、印度和美国年用水总量最高,分别为 12070 亿、11820 亿和 10530 亿立方米,其次是巴西,为 4820 亿立方米。但是,这些国家和其他国家的人均用水量差异很大,这主要是由于较高的生活水平或消费者普遍存在的浪费。美国的人均水足迹是世界上最高的,为每年 2842 立方米。霍克斯特拉说,肉类消费占美国数据的 30%,糖消费占另外 15%。在印度,很少有人消费大量肉类,人均足迹每年仅为 1089 立方米。全球人均年平均值为 1385 立方米。

正如您可能猜到的那样,人口稠密的国家使用大量水来生产食物和产品,但是低效的农业或对肉类等用水密集型食物的依赖可能会加剧需求。一些国家还以食物和产品的形式出口大量水,从而使其自身的水平衡复杂化,正如《大众科学》2012 年 6 月号“图解科学”专栏中所示。


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霍克斯特拉和梅科宁进行了详尽的计算,以计算出每个国家的水足迹。基本上,他们添加了三个量:雨水消耗量(所谓的绿色水足迹);地表水和地下水的使用量(蓝色);以及受污染的灰水(因此被消耗掉)的量。具体的计算方法可以在他们的在线论文及其补充材料中找到。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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