鼻子知道:疟蚊如何嗅出人类目标 [幻灯片]

研究人员正在更多地了解主要疟蚊冈比亚按蚊如何利用其嗅觉器官来寻找人类目标;这项工作涉及来自扫描电子显微镜的惊人图像

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科学家们从未完全了解蚊子如何区分人类呼吸和汗液的气味与自然界中的其他气味。为了了解更多,耶鲁大学的分子生物学家约翰·卡尔森及其同事依赖于一种果蝇突变株。一系列编码嗅觉受体的蚊子基因被单独移植到果蝇体内,这些果蝇具有缺乏嗅觉受体的“空”的嗅觉检测神经元。

每个基因都导致神经元产生一种蚊子受体,该受体与具有特定形状的气味分子结合。卡尔森的团队然后一次向果蝇呈现一种气味分子。如果受体抓住了该气味剂,神经元就会向大脑发送信号,表明气味的存在,并且植入神经元旁边的电极揭示了反应。

通过这种方式,卡尔森的实验室测试了 50 种不同的蚊子嗅觉检测器,针对 110 种气味剂。实验表明,一小组嗅觉检测器被高度调整为仅感知少数几个人类气味。识别可以欺骗或阻断调谐受体的化学物质可以改进诱捕器和驱虫剂,从而有助于减少疟疾的传播。


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卡尔森的同事们已经拍摄了疟蚊嗅觉器官的非常详细的图像,此处展示。

>> 查看幻灯片 

 

注意:图片由范德比尔特大学的 R. Jason Pitts 和 Laurence J. Zwiebel 提供,发表于《疟疾杂志》,5:26,2006 年 3 月 30 日,标题为“具有不同宿主范围的两种雌性按蚊同胞物种的触角感器”。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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