风塔 - 优雅的降温设计

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延续本月“城市”主题,我想分享一个相当酷的被动式建筑设计,它已经存在了几个世纪。早在LEED铂金评级和绿色建筑项目出现之前,古代波斯建筑师就已经在开发在烈日炙烤下的拥挤城市中保持凉爽的方法。风塔——或者阿拉伯语中称之为“barjeels”——既是中东各地城市中标志性的建筑特色,也是一种巧妙的自然空调形式。

在现代空调系统(包括泵、制冷剂和热交换器)出现之前,古代设计师和工程师利用自然压力和温度差异来冷却建筑物,使其适宜居住。

风塔是高耸的箱状塔楼,像大型烟囱一样从建筑物中拔地而起。通过让塔楼的侧面在阳光下升温,塔内的空气被加热并上升。暖空气随后从塔顶的开口排出,吸入较冷的空气,通常来自地下,那里的温度比室外空气更低。


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我发现风塔很迷人,因为它们是解决一个问题的优雅方案,这个问题在现代建筑中仍然是一个重要的设计考虑因素(空调约占商业建筑总能源消耗的8%)。如今使用的许多绿色建筑实践都可以追溯到与风塔性质相似的设计。自然光的使用、水回收和天然材料的选择绝不是新颖的想法,它们的根源在于古代建筑设计。

虽然古代社会在今天的标准下技术并不先进,但他们展示了对自然环境和有限资源的巧妙掌握,以提高生活水平,这在今天仍然具有现实意义。

照片由Pedram Veisibirdfam 在 Flickr 上提供。对于那些有兴趣查看更多风塔照片的人,Flickr 上有一个不错的照片群组,您可以查看一下。

David Wogan is an engineer and policy researcher who writes about energy, technology, and policy.

David's academic and professional background includes a unique blend of technology and policy in the field of energy systems. Most recently, David worked at Austin Energy, a Texas municipal utility, implementing a Department of Energy stimulus grant related to energy efficiency. Previously, David was a member of the Energy & Climate Change team at the White House Council on Environmental Quality for the Obama Administration.

David holds two Master's degrees from The University of Texas at Austin in Mechanical Engineering and Public Affairs. While at UT, David was a researcher in the Webber Energy Group, where his research focused on advanced biofuel production to offset petroleum use in the transportation sector. David holds a Bachelor's of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Texas at Austin, where he researched nuclear non-proliferation measurement technology.

David is a 2013 Aspen Institute Journalism Scholar, joining a select group of journalists from Slate, ABC News, and The New York Times.

David lives in Austin, Texas. Follow along on Twitter or email him at david.wogan@me.com.

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