是什么使美国冰冻的极地涡旋?

为何通常被束缚在北极的寒冷空气,有时会倾泻到远至佛罗里达州南部

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本文发表于《大众科学》的前博客网络,反映了作者的观点,不一定反映《大众科学》的观点


编者按(5/8/20):这个母亲节周末降临美国东北部的严寒天气是由极地涡旋引起的,极地涡旋已成为该地区的克星。该涡旋在2014年使该国东部地区冰冻时声名鹊起。我们当时对这种现象的解释也适用于本周。

当我写下这些文字时,美国一半地区的温度正在像石头一样骤降。根据国家气象局的预报,今晚将出现极端低温:北达科他州法戈零下 32 华氏度;威斯康星州麦迪逊零下 21 华氏度;芝加哥和印第安纳波利斯零下 15 华氏度。在某些地方,风寒将达到离奇的零下 60 华氏度,在一分钟内冻结裸露的皮肤。根据 NASA 在那里自由行驶的好奇号探测器的数据,这个数字更像是火星——在夜晚的温度。

随着时间一分一秒地过去,越来越多的电视和广播记者将这种疯狂的寒冷归因于加拿大北部的“极地涡旋”。涡旋,没错,但加拿大北部?不完全是。一位预报员称这种猛兽为北极地区的飓风,这很戏剧化,但却是错误的。那么,这个神秘的奇迹是什么?它为何入侵美国?


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极地涡旋是一种盛行风模式,它环绕北极,从西向东环绕地球。它通常将极冷的空气束缚在北极附近。然而,有时涡旋会减弱,使冷空气倾泻而下,穿过加拿大进入美国,或进入其他地区,如东欧。除了带来寒冷之外,气团还可以将急流——通常从太平洋流经美国的那股风带——也推向更南的地方。如果急流奋力抵抗,它所携带的水汽就会以降雪的形式落下,大气科学家表示,这就是导致 2010 年 2 月“雪灾”风暴关闭华盛顿特区的情况。

但为什么涡旋会减弱?现在变得有趣了。夏季,越来越多的北极海冰正在融化。融化的冰越多,北冰洋就越温暖。海洋在冬季将大部分多余的热量辐射回大气层,从而扰乱极地涡旋。过去十年的数据表明,当夏季大量北极海冰消失时,如果相关的大气条件在北大西洋上空盛行,涡旋往往会在随后的冬季减弱。情况看起来有点像下图所示。(有关完整解释,请参阅随附图形的《大众科学》文章。)

尽管北极夏季海冰的范围每年都有所不同,但总体而言,自 2007 年以来,海冰一直在显着减少,并且预计将继续进一步消失。这可能意味着极地涡旋会遇到更多麻烦,并且会出现更多寒冷爆发——这似乎与“全球变暖”相矛盾,但与“气候变化”并不矛盾。

图片来源:XNR Productions

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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