工人与退休人员比例将在全球范围内骤降

随着一个国家的人口老龄化,越来越多的老年人可能会从社会保障等支持系统中领取福利,但缴纳这些系统的工人可能会越来越少。

加入我们的科学爱好者社区!

本文发表于《大众科学》的前博客网络,反映了作者的观点,不一定反映《大众科学》的观点


随着一个国家的人口老龄化,越来越多的老年人可能会从社会保障等支持系统中领取福利,但缴纳这些系统的工人可能会越来越少。问题比我们想象的还要严峻。本世纪,全球许多国家的工人与退休人员比例将急剧下降,可能使国家陷入金融危机。

9月在Sciencexpress上发表的一项大型国际研究因预测到2100年全球人口可能达到110亿而受到广泛关注,远高于之前预测本世纪将达到的96亿峰值。(大众科学在我们的12月《图形科学》专栏中绘制了这些数字。)但该研究的最后部分并未引起太多关注,其中提供了一些令人震惊的细节,说明这种增长的性质将如何扭曲工人与退休人员的比例。“潜在支持比率”——20-64岁人口数量除以65岁及以上人口数量——在许多国家将骤降。

报告作者指出,该比率“可以粗略地看作是每位退休人员对应的工人人数”。在美国,今天的比率为4.6,预计到2100年将降至1.9——支持一位退休人员的工人人数将不到现在的一半。德国的比率将从2.9降至1.4。快速增长的国家将面临更严重的崩溃:中国从7.8降至1.8,巴西从8.6降至1.5,印度从10.9降至2.3。非洲国家也面临类似的命运:尼日利亚令人难以置信的高水平15.8将降至5.4。


关于支持科学新闻报道

如果您喜欢这篇文章,请考虑通过以下方式支持我们屡获殊荣的新闻报道 订阅。通过购买订阅,您正在帮助确保关于塑造我们当今世界的发现和想法的具有影响力的故事的未来。


该论文 dryly 总结道:“这些结果表明一些重要的政策含义。” 的确如此。作者确实为目前年轻人与老年人比例较高的国家提供了一些令人鼓舞的建议:“……他们需要将未来几十年人口红利[他们庞大而年轻的劳动力]中的一些收益投资于为未来老年人提供的服务,例如社会保障、养老金和老年人医疗保健基金。”

以下是来自论文的各个国家比率下降的图表,该论文由联合国 Patrick Gerland、华盛顿大学 Adrian Raftery 和许多国际专家撰写。向下倾斜的斜率更像悬崖,引人注目。红线描绘了1900年至2100年的比率;深绿色区域表示80%概率范围内的可能变化,浅绿色表示95%概率。

所有图表均来自 Patrick Gerland 等人在 2014 年 9 月 18 日发表于 Sciencexpress 上的《本世纪世界人口稳定不太可能》。

 

 

 

 

 

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

More by Mark Fischetti
© . All rights reserved.