神秘大气河流侵袭加利福尼亚,特大洪水可能迟早会来

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加利福尼亚州北部正经历着一系列暴雨的最初几天,天气预报员警告说,这将是一连串漫长的暴雨,可能会在该州北部三分之一的地区造成严重洪灾。连绵不断的暴雨是由您可能从未听说过的一种大气现象驱动的:大气河流。

哦,还有另一条大气河流在上周在英格兰西部和威尔士造成了自 1960 年代以来最严重的洪灾,超过 1,000 户家庭不得不撤离。

大气河流是一条狭窄的蒸汽输送带,大约一英里高,从海上延伸数千英里,可以携带多达 15 条密西西比河的水量。它以一系列风暴的形式袭击,持续数天或数周。每场风暴都会倾泻数英寸的雨水或数英尺的雪。欲了解更多详情,请参阅这篇专题报道,《大众科学》刚刚发表,由两位研究这些风暴的专家撰写。


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科学家在 1998 年发现了大气河流,并且直到最近才对其进行充分的表征,以便预报员能够警告它们的到来。它们可能会袭击大多数大陆的西海岸,但加利福尼亚州似乎是主要目标。每年有多达九条小型大气河流到达该州,每条持续两到三天,包括著名的“菠萝快车”风暴,它们直接来自太平洋的夏威夷地区。具有讽刺意味的是,虽然风暴很危险,但它们也至关重要;它们在一年中大约 10 天的时间里,提供了加利福尼亚州 30% 到 50% 的雨雪。

特大洪水是否迫在眉睫?

然而,真正令人担忧的是,根据最近拼凑起来的证据(以及上述文章中描述的),真正巨大的、导致灾难性洪水的 атмосферные реки 似乎大约每 200 年袭击该州一次。上次特大洪水发生在 1861 年;降雨持续了 43 天,摧毁了萨克拉门托并使该州破产。这场灾难在很大程度上被遗忘,但同一地区现在居住着超过 600 万人。对那里 23 天风暴的模拟表明,将发生超过 4000 亿美元的损失,远远超过飓风桑迪影响的 600 亿美元估计。新的研究还表明,气候变化可能会使这些风暴更有可能发生。

您可能会开始更频繁地听到“大气河流”这个术语。天气频道在对加利福尼亚州北部以及俄勒冈州和华盛顿州海岸的警告中使用了它(带引号)。一些大众媒体也开始采用这个词汇。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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