日本两个不兼容的电网使灾后恢复更加困难

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日本发生的巨大灾难摧毁了该国部分电力系统,特别是六个仍然关闭的福岛第一核电站反应堆。因此,该国公用事业公司无法产生足够的电力来满足需求,因此他们正在使用轮流停电,以便每天为每个人提供一部分电力。这种策略正在削弱工业——当工厂每天突然停电几个小时时,很难运营汽车或电视工厂。停电使通勤变得复杂,因此工人无法按时上班,这进一步削弱了制造业。诸如此类。

令人难以置信的是,日本西南部地区在地震和海啸中基本幸免于难,却无法帮助遭受重创的东北部地区,因为该国这两个区域的电网是分开运行且互不兼容的。正如NPR 在 3 月 24 日报道,西南部地区实际上可以生产过剩电力,但那里的输配电系统以 60 赫兹运行,而东北部地区的电网以 50 赫兹运行。这种尴尬的情况,在上面的日本地图上清晰可见(蓝色为 60 赫兹,红色为 50 赫兹),是历史遗留的怪现象:“东部”,在日本被称为“东部”,其电网是基于德国的 50 赫兹系统建立的,而“西部”则采用了美国的 60 赫兹系统。(类似的地图的英文改编版在此。)

将电力从一个系统转换为另一个系统是一项复杂的任务,需要庞大而高度灵敏的机械设备。该国只有少数几个微薄的“互联”设施可以完成这项工作,其容量远不足以最大限度地减少轮流停电的需求。


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美国的情况没有那么引人注目,但也同样不稳定。美国分为三个电网。所有三个电网都以 60 赫兹运行,但同样,区域之间只有少数互联点存在。如果美国要从在多风的高平原建造大型风力发电场或在阳光明媚的西南部建造大型太阳能发电场中获益,这些站点将不得不得到显著加强更多和更大的互联点也将允许各区域之间“输送”大量电力,以帮助最大限度地减少风暴造成的停电。更好的互联互通也有助于可能面临超出其容量危险的公用事业公司(例如,德克萨斯州,在八月份沉重的空调负荷下不堪重负)从另一个有盈余的地区(也许是同一天凉爽的明尼苏达州)获得一些额外的电力。

地图由 Tosaka 提供,通过 WikiMedia Commons

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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