缺少腿?对蜘蛛来说不算什么大问题

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本文发表于《大众科学》的前博客网络,仅反映作者的观点,不一定反映《大众科学》的观点


[caption id="attachment_179" align="alignleft" width="275" caption="雄性Schizocosa sp. CC许可照片由Marshall Hedin在Flickr上提供(点击查看完整照片)。"]

当我们的新闻编辑在推特上询问“这个六条腿的蜘蛛玩意”是什么动物时?她的问题在不到一分钟内就被昆虫学家解答了。它确实是一只不幸的蜘蛛,失去了两条腿。虽然罗宾可能对这个可怜的小家伙感到担忧或同情,但她不必害怕,因为蜘蛛经常会自行截断一条腿。当然,再生过程可能会让蜘蛛在野外更加脆弱。值得庆幸的是,她的小朋友在《大众科学》办公室的范围内可能会安全得多。

蜘蛛可能会截断它们的腿作为一种防御策略,但尚不清楚存在哪些权衡。例如,如果一只蜘蛛截断了它的腿并经历了再生,未来的繁殖会受到影响吗?它是否更容易受到捕食?它的移动性或竞争力是否会下降?


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在Wrinn和Uetz于2007年进行的一项研究中,腿部再生会使蜘蛛处于生理和发育劣势的假设得到了检验。作者检查了野外狼蛛(Schizocosa ocreata,类似于上图)的自截频率以及与大小、质量和生理状况的关系。此外,他们进行了实验室实验,以检验腿部再生会特别损害觅食、减少生长或影响发育时间的假设。

他们收集的野外数据表明,腿部缺失会损害觅食能力,这体现在质量、大小和生理状况的下降上,正如人们所预期的那样。实验室实验也表明了额外的权衡。虽然不显着,但再生腿部的蜘蛛平均需要多花3.7天才能蜕皮,而蜕皮是它们为了生长而必须定期进行的。一个有趣的观察是

“尽管蜘蛛似乎表现出再生的代价,但完整蜘蛛和再生蜘蛛之间在蜕皮间隔、大小和质量方面的差异仅在自截后的第一次蜕皮中是真实的。在自截后的第二次蜕皮期间,再生蜘蛛能够通过缩短蜕皮间隔或增加生长来补偿之前的代价。”

看来这些蜘蛛很快就能恢复,将与腿部缺失和再生相关的代价降到仅一次蜕皮。另一个权衡是发育时间和质量之间的权衡。再生导致更长的蜕皮时间或更低的质量,但不会两者兼有。再生是一种引人入胜的现象。选择改进的再生能力是有代价的,但显然对于个体而言,代价并没有超过继续生存和繁殖的好处。我们的新闻编辑不必为这只可怜的蜘蛛的残疾感到担忧。它应该很快就能回到蜘蛛工作岗位上!

Wrinn, K., & Uetz, G. (2007). Impacts of leg loss and regeneration on body condition, growth, and development time in the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85 (7), 823-831 DOI: 10.1139/Z07-063

 

About Kevin Zelnio

Kevin has a M.Sc. degree in biology from Penn State, a B.Sc. in Evolution and Ecology from University of California, Davis, and has worked at as a researcher at several major marine science institutions. His broad academic research interests have encompassed population genetics, biodiversity, community ecology, food webs and systematics of invertebrates at deep-sea chemosynthetic environments and elsewhere. Kevin has described several new species of anemones and shrimp. He is now a freelance writer, independent scientist and science communications consultant living near the Baltic coast of Sweden in a small, idyllic village.

Kevin is also the assistant editor and webmaster for Deep Sea News, where he contributes articles on marine science. His award-winning writing has been appeared in Seed Magazine, The Open Lab: Best Writing on Science Blogs (2007, 2009, 2010), Discovery Channel, ScienceBlogs, and Environmental Law Review among others. He spends most of his time enjoying the company of his wife and two kids, hiking, supporting local breweries, raising awareness for open access, playing guitar and songwriting. You can read up more about Kevin and listen to his music at his homepage, where you can also view his CV and Résumé, and follow him twitter and Google +.

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