女性脂肪堆积有助于抵消怀孕带来的负担

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尽管女性可能会竭尽全力消除大腿和臀部的脂肪堆积,但这些脂肪往往会一直存在。男性没有类似的脂肪堆积,而这种特征在人类进化中何时以及为何出现已被证明难以确定。一些研究人员提出,它进化成一种性信号来吸引配偶。另一些人则认为,这种脂肪可以在食物稀缺时充当储备。然而,这些假设都无法解释脂肪堆积的部位。现在,最新一期的《当代人类学》杂志上的一份报告旨在做到这一点。波兰弗罗茨瓦夫大学的研究员博古斯瓦夫·帕夫洛夫斯基认为,脂肪堆积可能有助于满足怀孕和哺乳期间双足行走的平衡要求。

帕夫洛夫斯基指出,在怀孕后期和哺乳期,人类女性都会有额外的身体前部负荷,这会使她的重心向前和向上移动,使双足运动更加困难且能量效率低下。这种不平衡对于传统社会的女性来说尤其负担沉重,她们中的许多人一直辛勤劳作,采集食物直到分娩。在重心下方和后方增加重量可以通过抵消婴儿的负荷来减少这些不良影响。因此,帕夫洛夫斯基认为,进化促进了臀部和大腿脂肪堆积,以补偿携带婴儿带来的生物力学障碍。“如果没有平衡,低效的行走和觅食可能会使[早期人类女性]面临更大的饥饿和捕食风险,”他断言。

至于这种特征可能在人类漫长而复杂的历史中何时出现,帕夫洛夫斯基推测,它只出现在我们的人属Homo出现之后,因为我们的人属是第一个必须进行双足行走的属。此外,他观察到,以Homo的出现为特征的脑容量增加“使得Homo胎儿和新生儿相对较大,因此在怀孕期间和之后产生了更多的身体前部重量。”

"If Humans Were Built to Last," by S. Jay Olshansky, Bruce A. Carnes and Robert N. Butler (大众科学, March 2001), is available for purchase through the 大众科学 Archive.

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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