理解冬眠

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图片来源:Richard Concepcion

对于某些哺乳动物来说,睡眠是应对冬季寒冷的唯一方法。虽然这种冬眠策略很常见,但它并非易事。在进入漫长的冬眠之前,哺乳动物的体温会降至接近冰点。在冬眠期间,动物会周期性地醒来、回暖,然后又沉入寒冷的睡眠中。科学家们一直未能理解的是,动物的身体究竟是如何在不受伤的情况下承受如此快速的温度变化的:细胞膜通常容易受到冷损伤,这会导致其某些成分分离。《自然》杂志今天发表的一篇论文阐明了这个问题。

美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员从冬眠的地松鼠身上采集了冷睡眠和温暖觉醒期间的组织样本,以研究其神经系统细胞内部的结构变化。结果表明,光学显微镜和电子显微镜揭示了一个奇特的差异。当松鼠处于寒冷状态时,它们的细胞显示出小裂缝;当温暖时,则没有。这些裂缝似乎对应于细胞内膜的脂质和蛋白质成分的重组。在寒冷中,蛋白质从膜的饱和脂肪酸(会凝固)中移开,转而移动到不饱和脂肪酸(保持液态)的区域。通过这种方式,蛋白质可以继续执行其维持生命的活动。作者表示,理解这种可逆的、温度诱导的重组“应有助于研究严寒对非冬眠物种(包括人类)的影响以及细胞的冷冻保存”。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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