超冷原子形成长寿命波

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图片来源:莱斯大学惠允

在足够低的温度下,气体中的原子可以形成所谓的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态 (BEC),失去其个体特性并合并成单一的量子态。自 1995 年在实验室中首次创造出气态 BEC(尽管这种可能性在约 70 年前首次被假设)以来,这种现象一直让物理学家着迷,并且最近大量的研究揭示了各种非凡的凝聚态特性。现在,在《自然》杂志上发表文章的研究人员又有了新的发现要添加到列表中。根据这份报告,被捕获在细光束中并被迫单列行进的 BEC 原子可以形成原子波,这些原子波在传播时保持恒定的形状。

在他们的实验中,莱斯大学的 Randall G. Hulet 和他的同事观察到局域化的波包,或孤子,锂原子在长距离传播——持续长达几秒——而没有扩散。检测到多达 15 个孤子的队列。关键似乎在于使原子彼此吸引,从而抵消了它们自然的分散趋势。虽然这代表了首次观察到所谓的亮物质波孤子列,但局域化波束本身在高速光通信网络中是众所周知的,在高速光通信网络中,光孤子使得数据能够在远距离传输而无需信号增强器。


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如果您想知道,究竟,这种原子孤子列将来可能有什么用处,简短的回答是很难说。然而,作者推测,诸如原子干涉测量术之类的精密测量应用可能会从原子孤子激光器中受益,基于他们观察到的那种孤子。“四十年前,没有人想到激光会被用来在我们的汽车里播放音乐或在杂货店收银台扫描我们的食物,”Hulet 沉思道。“我们正在初步了解一套奇妙且有时令人惊讶的动态量子现象,而且无法确切知道会从中产生什么。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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