烟草天蛾初尝即爱

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对于大多数人来说,辨别食物是一种奢侈品——菲力牛排很棒,但米饭和豆子也能凑合。然而,对于烟草天蛾来说,遵循自己的饮食偏好关乎生死。事实上,《自然》杂志当前一期发表的研究表明,这种蛾的幼虫会对它们最喜欢的植物产生如此严重的化学依赖性,以至于它们宁愿饿死也不吃其他任何东西。

为了研究天蛾幼虫的摄食偏好,纽约州立大学宾汉顿分校的玛塔·L·德尔坎波(Marta L. del Campo)和她的同事们用两种饮食方式饲养幼虫。第一组只喂食茄科植物的叶子——土豆和其他茄科植物;第二组则吃非茄科植物长大。将昆虫从一种饮食方式切换到另一种饮食方式会产生有趣的结果:用非茄科植物饲养的幼虫愉快地吞食茄科植物的叶子,而大多数用茄科叶子饲养长大的幼虫则断然拒绝外来食物,最终饿死。“当烟草天蛾幼虫以茄科植物为食时,其味觉感受器会适应植物化学物质印度苷D,这是一种由类固醇单元和糖类葡萄糖、鼠李糖和半乳糖组成的甾体糖苷化合物,”德尔坎波解释说。“感受器对这种化学物质的反应性增强,同时对其他植物化合物保持较低的反应。”

尽管这看起来可能不适应,但天蛾幼虫对茄科植物叶子的依赖性是有回报的:在茄科植物(这种昆虫的天然寄主)上饲养的幼虫比在非茄科植物叶子上饲养的幼虫成熟得快得多。因此,它们在脆弱的幼虫阶段花费的时间更少。与此同时,成年雌性偶尔会将卵产在非寄主植物上。因此,天蛾幼虫有潜力成为专家或通才,这取决于它们最初可以获得的食物。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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