坦桑尼亚化石或将修剪人类进化树

加入我们的科学爱好者社区!


关于支持科学新闻业

如果您喜欢这篇文章,请考虑通过以下方式支持我们屡获殊荣的新闻业 订阅。通过购买订阅,您正在帮助确保有关塑造我们当今世界的发现和想法的具有影响力的故事的未来。


人类进化学者之间长期存在的争论焦点在于过去存在多少种人科物种。一些古人类学家倾向于简洁的进化树,而另一些人则认为已知的人类化石记录表明进化是复杂的灌木丛状。后一种观点近年来逐渐流行,但来自坦桑尼亚的一块新化石表明,可能需要进行一些修剪。今天在《科学》杂志上发表文章的研究人员报告说,在奥杜威峡谷(路易斯和玛丽·利基几十年前使之闻名的一个地点)出土的一个标本弥合了之前确立的两个物种之间的差距,表明它们实际上是同一种物种。

罗格斯大学古人类学家罗伯特·布鲁门申领导的一个团队发现了这块化石——一个带有所有牙齿的上颌骨和下半张脸。它的年代可以追溯到 184 万至 179 万年前,大约是我们人类属Homo开始在进化出更大的大脑、制造工具和利用更大的动物作为食物方面崭露头角的时候。根据该报告,这一新发现被命名为 OH 65,与肯尼亚的一块化石非常相似,一些研究人员将该化石归为H. rudolfensis物种。然而,与此同时,关键特征将 OH 65 与已知最早的人属Homo成员H. habilis的模式标本联系起来。布鲁门申评论说:“OH 65 使我们能够重新洗牌属于祖先属的标本,并将rudolfensishabilis联系起来。它表明所有三个标本都可能是同一种物种——Homo habilis的成员。”

OH 65 以及与其一起发现的石器和屠宰过的动物遗骸出现在峡谷西部较干燥的地区。根据石头和骨骼中明显的工具制造和屠宰模式,布鲁门申和他的同事们假设,像 OH 65 这样的人科动物可能在较湿润的时期“从生态生产力更高的东南盆地不定期地季节性地突袭到西部盆地的溪流”。如果是这样,这将为以下观点提供更多支持:即使是最早期的人属成员也具有行为灵活性,会迁移以应对资源和住所可用性的季节性变化。

"Once We Were Not Alone," by Ian Tattersall (大众科学, January 2000), is available for purchase at 大众科学 Digital. "Out of Africa Again...and Again," by Ian Tattersall (大众科学, April 1997), is available for purchase at 大众科学 Digital. Mary Leakey: "Unearthing History," by Marguerite Holloway (大众科学, October 1994), is available for purchase at 大众科学 Digital. "An Ancestor to Call Our Own," by Kate Wong (大众科学, January 2003), is available for purchase at 大众科学 Digital.

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

More by Kate Wong
© . All rights reserved.