南极稳定冰层突然加速融化

多条先前冻结的冰川正向海洋注入大量的水

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由于南极洲一个新近稳定的区域突然开始快速融化,全球海平面将比预期上升得更高。对卫星数据的分析表明,虽然南极半岛南部由多条冰川组成的巨大冰盖在2000年至2009年间坚如磐石,但自那以后,它已开始迅速融化。这些冰川沿着750公里的海岸线延伸,每年向海洋倾泻60立方公里的冰,大约相当于每年70,000座帝国大厦的冰量。

这一快速流失的开始“令我们感到惊讶,”英国布里斯托大学的研究员伯特·沃特斯说。他是该分析的负责人,该分析发表在5月22日的《科学》杂志上。他说,在短短几年内,该地区的动态“完全改变了”。

通过CryoSat 2卫星上的遥感仪器测量,一些冰川的表面每年下降多达4米。冰的损失如此之大,以至于它也引起了地球引力场的变化,这些变化已被GRACE(重力恢复和气候实验)卫星检测到。


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沃特斯说,冰川的快速消失并非由年降雪量减少或气温升高引起。它是由冰架的变薄引起的;陆地上笨重的冰川片过渡为漂浮在海洋上的大型、扁平的冰架。当冰架很厚时,它们会减缓甚至阻止与其相连的冰川在重力作用下缓慢滑入大海。但是,如果冰架变得太薄,它们就无法再阻止陆地上巨大的冰体,冰川就会加速进入海洋。这种机制已经使南极洲其他地区的冰川加快了向海洋推进的速度。

总体而言,自20世纪90年代初以来,南极半岛南部的冰架厚度已损失了近五分之一。科学家说,可能的原因是由于气候变化导致南大洋风向发生变化。风向的转变正在将较暖的海水推向冰架,从下方融化它们,并沿着海岸融化冰川冰。沃特斯说,大约在2009年,冰架变薄和冰川融化“超过了临界阈值,触发了突然的冰损失”。

随着冰盖继续变薄,融化速度可能会继续上升。另一个地理特征可能会发挥更大的作用。冰川下的陆地,在海岸线处已经低于海平面,在内陆的海拔高度甚至更低。当冰川在前缘融化时,海水可能会在退缩的冰体下向下流动,进一步融化它。

沃特斯的研究团队发现,由于这些因素,在短短几年内,南极半岛南部已成为南极洲海平面上升的第二大贡献者。他说,第一个是阿蒙森海区域,每年向海洋注入100至120立方公里的冰。沃特斯担心,南半岛在不久的将来可能会发挥更大的作用。他说,阿蒙森海区域可能在20世纪70年代开始流失冰,损失速度逐渐增加。他指出,在南半岛,这种变化“要快得多”。他还补充说,“一旦启动了动态的冰损失,”就“很难阻止”。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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