科学家开发出沉默人类基因的新技术

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研究人员早就知道,确定任何给定基因作用的一种方法是将其关闭并观察会发生什么。通过阻断其所谓的信使RNA来沉默该基因(一种被称为RNA干扰(RNAi)的技术)已被证明在诸如线虫和果蝇等生物中特别有效。然而,在哺乳动物细胞中,这种方法似乎会引起非特异性的、因此无意义的反应——直到现在。《自然》杂志今天发表的研究结果表明,RNAi实际上可以在哺乳动物细胞中起作用。新的结果应该有助于科学家研究人类基因组研究不断揭示的许多功能未知的基因。

研究人员通过首先合成与特定基因序列匹配的双链RNA(dsRNA)并将其引入细胞来在非哺乳动物细胞中诱导RNAi,这导致dsRNA分解成短片段。这些短干扰RNA(siRNA)然后触发匹配的信使RNA序列的降解,从而沉默它所属的基因。德国哥廷根大学的托马斯·图施尔和他的同事进行的新研究表明,尽管将dsRNA引入哺乳动物细胞会导致非特异性反应,但将siRNA本身引入细胞可以启动RNAi。

RNAi似乎比流行的“反义”技术更有效地阻止基因表达,尽管在广泛应用于哺乳动物细胞之前必须解决各种技术问题。首先,虽然可以将dsRNA喂给线虫以获得所需的结果,但将siRNA递送到哺乳动物细胞并非如此简单。总而言之,然而,结果标志着向前迈进了一大步。研究人员写道,这些siRNA的使用“为人类细胞培养中的基因功能分析和基因特异性治疗药物的开发带来了巨大的希望。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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