环状胜利:卡西尼号探测器近距离接触土星

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在卡西尼号探测器进入土星轨道不到两周后,这颗行星正在泄露它的秘密。项目科学家已经获得了迄今为止最详细的土星壮丽光环以及它被烟雾笼罩的巨型卫星——名副其实的泰坦星的图像。

天文学家早已知道土星环主要由冰组成。但卡西尼号已经揭示了一些额外的成分。所谓的F环以及A环和B环之间的缝隙,即卡西尼环缝,都含有神秘的黑色颗粒,或称“尘埃”。有趣的是,这种未知的杂质类似于在土星的另一颗卫星土卫九(Phoebe)上发现的黑色物质,这加强了环本身可能是卫星残骸的假设。此外,该探测器的紫外成像仪在环的边缘发现了大量的氧气——可能是最近碰撞的结果。(在上图中,“肮脏的”卡西尼环缝在左侧以浅红色显示;冰冷的A环以绿松石色显示。A环中唯一的红色带被称为恩克环缝。)

在对泰坦星的一次近距离飞掠中——最近距离为210,600英里——卡西尼号的可见光和红外线mapping spectrometer穿透了这颗橙色卫星稠密的大气层,揭示了矿物和化学特征。“在某些波长下,我们看到相对纯净的水冰的暗区和具有更高比例的非冰物质(如简单的碳氢化合物)的亮区。这与我们预期的不同。这只是初步的,但它可能会改变我们解释泰坦星上明暗区域的方式,”喷气推进实验室的卡西尼号科学家凯文·贝恩斯(Kevin Baines)说。“在南极附近可以看到甲烷云。与环绕卫星的典型雾霾颗粒相比,它由异常大的颗粒组成,这表明那里存在活跃的大气层。”未来的飞掠将更接近这颗卫星——近至590英里——从而能够对表面进行高分辨率mapping。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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