臭氧空洞扩大,尽管氟氯化碳减少

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图片来源:NASA

经过13年的政府监管,那些被称为氯氟烃(CFCs)的消耗臭氧分子的浓度终于在较低的大气层中下降,并在平流层中趋于稳定。然而,NASA卫星最近探测到有记录以来最大的臭氧空洞——是美国的三倍大——笼罩在南极洲上空(见右图;蓝色代表低臭氧水平)。除氟氯化碳以外的其他因素也对臭氧破坏起着重要作用。

美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的“臭氧总量绘图光谱仪”(TOMS)首席研究员理查德·麦克彼得斯表示,今年破纪录的空洞在很大程度上是由于南极洲冬季异常寒冷。寒冷的条件产生了大量的所谓极地大气云(上层大气中的冰晶云),这反过来又促进了臭氧消耗。他补充说,上层大气二氧化碳的增加也具有类似的影响。


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风也会影响臭氧状况。大多数平流层臭氧起源于热带地区,那里强烈的太阳辐射滋养着臭氧的产生。然后平流层气流将臭氧输送到北极和南极。然而,在冬季,南极洲上空的冷空气会形成一个漩涡,阻止富含臭氧的热带空气进入。此外,阻挡暖空气会导致气温进一步下降,从而形成更多的极地大气云。

撇开天气因素不谈,臭氧层恢复还需要一段时间。尽管较低大气层中的氟氯化碳水平有所下降,但平流层中的氟氯化碳浓度还有很长的路要走。“这些过程非常缓慢,”麦克彼得斯观察到。“氟氯化碳首先需要很长时间才能进入平流层,因此它们也需要很长时间才能出来。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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