俄亥俄州地震可能由水力压裂废水引起

将废水注入地下是主要嫌疑,可能加剧与水力压裂相关的地震担忧

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俄亥俄州扬斯敦的居民在圣诞节前夕和新年除夕都收到了一份额外的“惊喜”——地震,震级分别为里氏2.7级和4.0级。没有人员伤亡,12月31日的地震事件后仅报告了几起轻微损坏。

科学家们很快确定,可能的罪魁祸首是水力压裂——尽管不是从钻探到深层页岩或使用加压水和化学物质进行裂解来获取天然气。相反,他们怀疑是这些作业产生的废水的处理,即将其泵回同样深度的砂岩中。

水力压裂是全国天然气生产繁荣的一部分,如果能够对地下广阔的页岩进行水力压裂,天然气可以很容易地替代家庭取暖用油,并可能减少对外国化石燃料的依赖。对水力压裂的反对主要源于担心该技术可能会污染饮用水源。


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2011年3月至11月期间,在北极星废物处理服务公司运营的废水注入井的8公里半径范围内已经发生了九次小地震。由于地震在扬斯敦地区非常罕见,俄亥俄州自然资源部于11月要求哥伦比亚大学的拉蒙特-多尔蒂地球观测站 (LDEO) 在附近放置移动地震仪,以便更好地确定发生了什么。拉蒙特-多尔蒂地球观测站的约翰·阿姆布鲁斯特于11月30日安装了四个地震仪。

通过对四个台站的震波到达时间进行三角测量,阿姆布鲁斯特和他的同事们仅用一两天的时间就以95%的把握确定,两次假日地震的震中彼此相距不到100米,并且距离注入井不到0.8公里。该团队还确定,地震是由沿注入点大致相同深度(近三公里深)的断层滑动引起的。

尽管拉蒙特-多尔蒂地球观测站的科学家们并没有说泵送导致了地震,但在靠近深井注入井的其他走滑地震中,注入液已被牵连在内。本质上,液体可以在两个相邻的岩面之间充当润滑剂,帮助它们沿边界突然滑动。科学家们表示,扬斯敦的注入已进行了一年,即使不再添加液体,随后仍可能在一年内继续发生地震。俄亥俄州立法者已要求北极星停止运营,直至完成全面调查;该公司已同意,但未公开谈论此事。

有关最新的科学和关于水力压裂的辩论,包括该做法在11月14日导致俄克拉荷马城附近发生5.6级地震的不太可能的情况,请参阅我们正在进行的Storify文件,该文件每周更新。纽约州的消息再次升温,因为关于拟议公众意见的截止日期是1月11日,而州环境保护部允许水力压裂的规定可能会随之而来。

图片来自Flickr上domesticat提供的地震仪

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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