灵巧的尼安德特人

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无论如何,尼安德特人一直被误解。历史上他们被描绘成头脑迟钝和野蛮的,因此古代学者认为这些古人类最终从欧洲大陆消失,被解剖学上的现代入侵者击败是完全合理的。但最近的研究表明,尼安德特人更加 refined —— 他们非常像我们 —— 这使得这个群体的灭绝更难解释。

新的发现进一步模糊了尼安德特人与现代人之间的区别。根据一种观点,尼安德特人可能输给了我们人类,部分原因是他们缺乏制作复杂工具所需的手工灵巧性——这一论断基于早期对尼安德特人拇指和食指解剖结构的研究。今天在《自然》杂志上发表文章的研究人员得出了截然不同的结论。加利福尼亚州立大学圣贝纳迪诺分校的Wesley A. Niewoehner及其同事借助三维计算机模拟(见图)研究了尼安德特人拇指和食指的运动范围。他们发现,即使尼安德特人的运动范围相对于现代人来说很小,他们仍然会很灵巧。事实上,科学家们认为,这些原始人类可能和我们一样灵巧,能够进行指尖对指尖的接触,这为我们提供了至关重要的精确抓握。

考虑到新的研究结果以及考古证据,即后期尼安德特人使用了以夏特佩隆文化 (Chatelperronian) 这种先进风格制造的工具,该团队认为,这些古老的欧洲人消失并非由于无法制造或使用精巧的工具。然而,现代人究竟是如何占据上风的仍然是一个谜。

"Who Were the Neandertals?" by Kate Wong (大众科学, April 2000), is available for purchase at 大众科学 Digital.

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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