免疫系统记忆

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在击退感染后,人体的免疫系统会更进一步:它会记住入侵者,以便下次检测到相同的病原体时,它可以发起迅速有效的反击。这一点是已知的。然而,这些行动如何被控制的细节在很大程度上仍然是神秘的。但是今天发表在《科学》杂志上的一份报告正在揭示这个问题。根据这项新的研究,先前已知参与对抗感染的两种分子,穿孔素和干扰素γ,也控制着初始免疫反应和随后的免疫记忆的大小和性质。

爱荷华大学的微生物学家约翰·哈蒂和他的同事测量了在基因工程改造的小鼠(这些小鼠缺乏穿孔素或干扰素γ,或同时缺乏这两种分子)感染的不同阶段,免疫系统细胞(称为T细胞)的水平。他们发现,穿孔素控制着为对抗感染而产生的T细胞的数量;干扰素γ负责在T细胞征服入侵者后消除大部分这些细胞。(大约10%的T细胞被保留为记忆细胞。)哈蒂指出,这种T细胞死亡阶段尤为重要,因为“它使我们能够在不耗尽免疫系统的情况下对许多不同的病原体做出反应。”

“了解该系统的基本生物学是如何被调节的,可以深入了解我们如何操纵该系统,”哈蒂说。“在这些研究中,最终目标是学习如何操纵T细胞记忆的水平,这可能会带来更好、更有效的疫苗接种。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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