夜行性鲶鱼如何跟踪捕食猎物

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捕食者有多种策略来定位猎物。有些靠视觉,有些靠听觉,还有些甚至通过电信号追踪猎物。现在看来,有些水生捕猎者通过追踪游泳鱼类留下的尾迹来寻找食物。根据昨天在《美国国家科学院院刊》早期在线版上发表的研究结果,欧洲鲶鱼利用猎物的尾迹,就像野狗追踪陆地踪迹一样。

早期对鱼类猎物定位的研究主要集中在视觉捕食者身上。然而,许多食鱼鱼类在夜间或视觉几乎无用的深处捕猎。因此,德国康斯坦茨大学的生物学家克斯汀·波尔曼和她的同事们推测,这类鱼可能正在利用猎物留下的尾迹中的化学和流体动力学线索来定位它们的下一餐。为了验证这一点,该团队研究了夜行性欧洲鲶鱼在仅用红外光照明的测试水族箱中跟踪游泳孔雀鱼的策略,在这种光线下鲶鱼无法看见。

对捕食者和猎物游泳路径的分析支持了该团队的假设。首先,鲶鱼跟随的是孔雀鱼留下的相当曲折的轨迹,而不是拦截其路径并进行直接攻击。该团队还发现,鲶鱼通常从后面攻击。至于味觉、嗅觉或流体动力学刺激是否正在提供鲶鱼在尾迹追踪期间使用的信号,还有待观察。无论如何,研究人员断言,“我们怀疑对这些线索的利用在通过水追踪移动猎物的大型动物中很常见。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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