奥运健儿也感疼痛

骨折、跟腱断裂和脑震荡都是奥运会的一部分

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大多数体育运动都涉及一定程度的身体风险,奥运会也不例外。尽管奥运会的受伤率低于一些职业体育运动,例如美式橄榄球 和足球,但大约 10% 的奥运选手在奥运会期间,无论是在现场训练还是在实际比赛中,都会受伤。

根据挪威奥斯陆大学的拉斯·恩格布雷森对伤病报告进行的深入研究,2008 年北京夏季奥运会期间共报告了 1,055 起伤病事件。这些损伤包括脚骨骨折、肩部脱臼、跟腱断裂,以及创伤较轻但更常见的踝关节扭伤和头部挫伤。

当然,造成疼痛的情况差异很大。恩格布雷森发现,在乒乓球、网球、游泳、体操、沙滩排球、马术、现代五项和田径运动中,训练期间发生的损伤比例最高。在拳击(不足为奇)、水球、曲棍球、手球、举重、棒球和柔道比赛中,损伤最常发生在比赛期间。


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尽管我们倾向于认为碰撞和跌倒可能是罪魁祸首,但在赛艇、现代五项、帆船、射击、网球、沙滩排球、铁人三项、田径、举重、游泳和羽毛球运动中,超过 40% 的损伤是由运动员的肌肉或关节过度使用引起的。在拳击、柔道、水球、手球、跆拳道、摔跤和足球运动中,与其他运动员的接触确实导致了超过一半的损伤。

当然,严重程度也各不相同。跆拳道损伤中骨折的比例最高(4.8%)。这项运动的肌腱和韧带脱臼或断裂的比例也最高(3.2%)。

冬季奥运会的运动员总数较少,因此 2010 年温哥华奥运会期间报告的伤病 也较少:287 起。但受伤率为 11.2%,略高于夏季奥运会的 9.6%。

冬季运动的损伤分布差异也更大。在短道速滑中,28% 的男性受伤,但只有 9% 的女性受伤。然而,在单板滑雪越野赛中,这项比赛涉及滑雪板选手在自由式速降比赛中频繁接触,只有 11% 的男性选手受伤,但令人难以置信的是 73% 的女性运动员受伤。奇怪的是,令人惊讶的高比例损伤发生在训练滑行期间,当时滑雪板选手独自在赛道上,没有竞争对手来增加风险。恩格布雷森认为,高比率可能只是快速斜坡的结果。

在上届两届奥运会期间,腿部、手臂和介于两者之间的所有部位都受到了损害。但冰球运动员遭受的面部损伤最多,这是由飞行的冰球、挥舞的球杆和偶尔的打斗造成的。速降滑雪运动员和单板滑雪运动员的头部损伤最多。脑震荡影响了 7% 的冬季运动员,是夏季奥运会的两倍。

恩格布雷森将观察 2012 年的统计数据如何。他正在伦敦奥运会上,他还将研究疾病发生率。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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