基因活动而非序列造就人类

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近来基因组引起了广泛关注,人们可能期望DNA序列最终能确切揭示是什么造就了人类。但上周在苏格兰爱丁堡举行的“人类基因组会议”上提出的研究结果表明,基因活动——而非序列——才是我们身份的关键。

通过比较黑猩猩遗传密码的三百万个字母与人类基因组草图,德国莱比锡马克斯·普朗克进化人类学研究所的斯万特·帕博及其同事发现两者之间仅有1.3%的差异。考虑到这一点,该团队得出结论,除了基因本身的构成之外,一定还有其他因素将我们与最近的现存亲属区分开来。

因此,帕博的研究小组将注意力转向基因活动水平,或转录。具体而言,他们研究了人类、黑猩猩和恒河猴的大脑、肝脏和血液中的转录。肝脏和血液基因活动模式显示了三个群体之间预期的差异——人类的转录看起来与黑猩猩相似,而与进化距离更远的猕猴不同——而大脑中的基因活动则揭示了人类和黑猩猩之间的明显差异。“[人类]大脑加速了基因的使用,”帕博根据《自然》新闻服务表示。


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因此,基因表达的差异可能解释了高度相似的基因组如何创造出如此不同的生物体。然而,要完全理解人类和黑猩猩之间的基因差异,还需要真正深入了解黑猩猩的思维。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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