飞蛇空气动力学原理详解

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天空并非有翼野兽的专属领域。一些生物——某些种类的松鼠和蜥蜴等——借助成对的皮瓣滑翔于地面之上,这些皮瓣可以产生升力。但对于天堂树蛇(右图)而言,它栖息在南亚和东南亚的热带雨林中,并不存在这样的附属物。而且,就此而言,也不存在任何其他形态学上的特殊适应性。然而,这种动物却能以极高的精确度“飞行”。今天发表在《自然》杂志上的研究结果揭示了其原理。

在新加坡动物园,对野生捕获的蛇从33英尺高的塔上滑翔到地面的录像和照片显示,这种动物首先从树枝上悬垂下来,并将身体弯曲成 J 形。然后,它通过向上加速并远离树枝,将自己发射到空中,并将身体展平成接近正常宽度的两倍。这与符合空气动力学的波动相结合,使蛇能够保持在空中。更难辨别的是这种野兽如何能同时做到这两点。据芝加哥大学研究生约翰·J·索查(John J. Socha)称,他进行了这项研究,“无论它使用什么肌肉来展平身体,都可能与它用来波动的肌肉解耦。” 他推测,这可能需要专门的神经肌肉控制。

索查观察到,这条蛇在空中机动方面出奇地熟练。从塔上它可以飞行长达 70 英尺,进行大约 90 度的转弯,而且似乎总是能毫发无损地着陆。这些无肢爬行动物最初为什么要飞到空中尚不清楚,但它们的滑翔伙伴这样做是为了更有效地旅行、追逐猎物或躲避捕食。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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