最早离开非洲的人类不一定很聪明

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关于人类进化,一个长期存在的观点认为,最早离开非洲的原始人类之所以能够做到这一点,是因为他们比前人拥有更大的大脑、更长的腿和更精巧的工具。然而,几年前,当在格鲁吉亚的德马尼西工作的古生物学家出土了迄今为止在非洲以外发现的最古老的人类遗骸——两个属于我们人类属早期成员、距今170万年的头骨,并在其旁边发现了原始工具时,这个观点受到了重大打击。现在,一项新的发现可能会推翻该理论的另一个支柱。根据本期《科学》杂志的一篇报告,在同一地点工作的研究人员又找到第三个头骨——一个大脑出奇地小的头骨。

据第比利斯格鲁吉亚科学院的团队成员大卫·洛尔德基帕尼泽观察,这块保存异常完好的化石,被命名为D2700,其特点是眉脊薄、鼻子短、犬齿大。D2700的颅内容积约为600立方厘米,大脑比德马尼西的其他两个人形动物(其头骨的脑容量约为800立方厘米)小得多。但是,尽管存在尺寸差异,这三个样本的整体形态相似。因此,研究人员认为,这些遗骸代表同一物种的成员,即直立人,尽管它们具有更原始的能人的某些特征。该团队认为,D2700个体很可能是一名女性,而另外两个是男性。

只有时间和更多的化石才能揭示这些勇敢的旅行者是谁,以及他们为什么离开他们的祖国。但正如古人类学中经常出现的情况一样,新出现的图景似乎比以前想象的要复杂得多。

"We Were Not Alone," by Ian Tattersall (大众科学, January 2000), is available for purchase at the 大众科学 Archive.

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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