亚马逊生物多样性解读

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大约150年前,著名的博物学家阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士注意到,亚马逊雨林中许多动物物种的分布范围边界似乎与该地区的许多河流相吻合。这一观察标志着一个主要假设的起源,该假设解释了为什么亚马逊在其大小范围内蕴藏着如此非凡的生物多样性。现代形式的“河流屏障假说”认为,亚马逊的主要河流充当了种群之间基因流动的天然屏障。结果,种群最终发生了分化。近年来,分子研究为该模型提供了一定的支持。但是今天发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的研究结果指向了另一种解释。

当位于华盛顿特区的国际保护协会的克劳德·加斯科恩和他的同事检查了沿亚马逊河主要支流茹鲁阿河的青蛙和小哺乳动物群落的数据时,他们发现它与基于河岸关系的预测不符。相反,这些群落的组成最好由地理距离和栖息地类型来预测。更重要的是,该团队报告说,小哺乳动物的分布终止于垂直于河流且平行于安第斯山脉的方向,这表明亚马逊低地的地形可能产生生物多样性。到目前为止,该团队仅研究了一条河流。但是,他们认为,他们可以将研究结果推广到该地区所有大型蜿蜒的河流,作为一项工作假设,并得出结论:“这项研究和其他研究的综合结果显着削弱了河流作为亚马逊多样化主要驱动因素的假定作用。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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