喙、鸣唱与物种形成

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观察加拉帕戈斯群岛 finches 雀类鸟喙形状的多种多样性,很明显它们适应了不同的觅食任务——这是查尔斯·达尔文一个多世纪前首次提出的观察结果。例如,低地鸟类进化出了较大的鸟喙,使它们能够啄开坚硬的种子,而较小的森林鸟类则长有更精巧的鸟喙,用于吃昆虫。但是,鸟喙的形状不仅仅影响饮食。根据今天发表在《自然》杂志上的一份报告,达尔文雀类的鸟喙塑造了它们的鸣唱,这反过来可能促进了物种形成。

马萨诸塞大学的进化生物学家杰弗里·波多斯分析了八种雀类鸟喙的结构和鸣唱的频率结构。“鸟喙较大的鸟类本质上是在演奏笨重的乐器,而相比之下,鸟喙较小的鸟类应该更擅长作为音乐家,”波多斯预测道。他的观察证实了这一点:鸟喙较小的鸟类鸣叫速度更快,并且能发出更广泛的音符。因此,随着鸟类的鸟喙适应不同的食物来源,它们的鸣唱也可能发生变化。波多斯说,由于雌性使用鸣唱来选择配偶,因此这些交配信号的多样化可能会促进物种形成,这可以解释加拉帕戈斯雀类所定义的辐射演化。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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