细菌促进物种形成

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为了一个物种分化成两个物种,一个种群必须被分成不能杂交的群体。通常,这种生殖隔离源于遗传不相容性,当地理屏障将群体分开时,遗传不相容性就会出现,从而使它们在遗传上彼此分离。然而,今天发表在《自然》杂志上的一份报告描述了两种密切相关的黄蜂物种的案例,对这两种黄蜂来说,障碍不是河流,也不是山脉,而是一种微生物感染。新的研究表明,一种名为沃尔巴克氏体的细菌促进了这些黄蜂的进化。

沃尔巴克氏体是一种特别狡猾的细菌。为了确保尽可能多的黄蜂将微生物传递给下一代,沃尔巴克氏体通过母系遗传,改变其雄性宿主的精子,使其只能与受感染的雌性繁殖。因此,这种配对产生的任何后代都将继承该微生物。未受感染的后代只能来自未受感染的黄蜂之间的交配。(事实上,如果给予抗生素杀死沃尔巴克氏体,这两种黄蜂物种可以杂交。)

在研究了许多可以将物种分隔开的遗传障碍后,研究人员发现沃尔巴克氏体的存在是杂交最强大的障碍,因此也可能是最古老的障碍。“我们并不是说沃尔巴克氏体完全使两种黄蜂物种在自然界中生殖隔离,但我们已经表明,细菌改变昆虫繁殖的能力早于其他遗传生殖障碍,”罗切斯特大学的团队成员约翰·沃伦说。“这支持了沃尔巴克氏体可以促进宿主物种形成的论点。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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