大气河流可能引发加州大规模泥石流

南加州的山丘,被大规模野火夷为平地,可能在持续的降雨下液化

flooded field

2017年1月,加利福尼亚州旧金山的洪水区域。

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南加州即将被持续的降雨淹没,对泥石流的担忧日益严重。各大新闻台、天气频道、网络媒体和社交媒体突然都在谈论将给加州带来连绵不断的暴雨的“大气河流”。这是什么?它有多罕见?它可能构成多大的威胁?以下是一些答案。请看我们下面的图表,这些图表来自迈克尔·德廷格和林恩·英格拉姆在2013年1月《大众科学》上发表的一篇精彩而有先见之明的专题文章。

不感兴趣?1861年,一条大气河流带来了长达43天的风暴,将加州中央山谷变成了一个长300英里、宽20英里的内陆海。数千人死亡,80万头牛溺水身亡,该州破产。今天,类似的灾难将更具破坏性,因为该地区人口更加稠密,而且是美国最大的单一食品生产商。

所以,也许1861年是个异数。事实并非如此。地质岩芯样本显示,自公元200年以来,加州大约每200年就会发生一次类似于1861年的极端洪水。下一次灾难可能即将到来。西海岸实际上一直在缓慢建设大型、专业的、气象观测站,这些观测站可以感知大气河流的发展,以便预报员可以发出早期预警。


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大气河流是一条延伸到数千英里外的海洋的蒸汽传送带,携带的水量相当于15条密西西比河。它以一系列持续数天或数周的风暴形式袭击。每次风暴都可能倾泻数英寸的雨水或数英尺的雪。气象学家有时将小规模的事件称为“菠萝快车”,因为它们往往从夏威夷附近向美国西海岸呈直线流动。下面的图表解释了详细信息。

图片来源:唐·弗利

过去两千年里,加州中部的一些地区一直是频繁的目标。这是来自岩芯样本的记录,显示大约每200年左右就会发生一次比任何菠萝快车都大许多倍的灾难性大气河流。

图片来源:珍·克里斯蒂安森(图表);XNR制作公司(地图

现在袭击西海岸的大气河流的流动模式是经典的。威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校维护着一个很棒的网站,该网站以实时方式显示流量,每五分钟更新一次。如果您想了解更多关于这些巨型风暴的信息,请查看德廷格和英格拉姆的专题文章

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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