针对沙蝇唾液的疫苗可预防小鼠的利什曼病

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根据一项新的研究,一种含有沙蝇唾液成分的疫苗可能有一天能为人们提供保护,免受一种破坏性的热带疾病的侵害。在今天发表在《实验医学杂志》上的一份报告中,科学家们描述了他们的疫苗是如何预防小鼠的利什曼病的。

利什曼病是由寄生虫利什曼原虫引起的一组相关疾病,通过沙蝇叮咬传播。早期的研究表明,用沙蝇唾液免疫的实验动物在之后被携带利什曼原虫的蝇叮咬时,通常能抵抗感染。考虑到这一点,美国国家过敏症和传染病研究所的Jos Ribeiro及其同事决定尝试开发一种针对利什曼病的疫苗。具体来说,该团队研究了携带引起皮肤病变的寄生虫变种的沙蝇的唾液。对唾液的分析表明,其中一种蛋白质成分,称为SP15,似乎在小鼠中引发了天然的免疫反应。随后对SP15基因的鉴定使研究人员能够构建一种DNA疫苗。

该团队的非常规疫苗奏效了。当用含有混合唾液的寄生虫的注射液攻击时,接受疫苗的小鼠比未接受疫苗的小鼠表现得好得多。事实上,接种疫苗的小鼠仅表现出小的病变并在六周内清除了感染,而未接种疫苗的小鼠则患有大的溃疡,并且未能摆脱寄生虫。


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接下来,Ribeiro计划在狗和猴子身上测试该疫苗,并致力于开发针对其他利什曼病变种的疫苗。这并非易事。他指出:“不同的沙蝇种类,每种都有其独特的唾液蛋白集合,传播不同的利什曼原虫种类。如果抗唾液疫苗要在人身上起作用,则必须针对每个地区的有害昆虫进行专门设计。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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