变色龙的秘密武器

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来源:凯特·王

饥饿的变色龙只需闪电般地伸出舌头,就能获取晚餐。生物学家长期以来一直认为,其舌头粗糙、粘稠的特性使这种壮举成为可能。这些机制可能足以捕捉某些小型昆虫,但有些变色龙捕食鸟类和蜥蜴——这些生物的重量可达捕食者自身体重的10%左右。即使在昆虫中,有些昆虫也太光滑,变色龙的舌头无法锁定。那么,变色龙的秘密是什么呢?根据本月出版的《实验生物学杂志》上发表的一份报告,答案是吸力。

由于变色龙伸出舌头的速度超过了人眼所能跟踪的速度,研究人员一直无法确定捕食过程中究竟发生了什么。但是,在安特卫普大学的安东尼·J·赫雷尔及其同事的帮助下,借助高速X射线视频,他们已经弄清了事件的顺序。当舌头伸出时,舌尖是凸起的,像一颗子弹。然而,就在舌头到达猎物之前,舌头内部被称为囊收缩肌的肌肉收缩,将舌尖倒转成类似吸盘的东西。接触时,吸盘夹住猎物,产生吸力效应。粘性在捕食中确实起着重要作用,但研究小组发现,囊收缩肌控制神经被切断的变色龙无法进食,这表明吸力是一个关键机制。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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