烟尘对气候变暖的罪责比预期更大

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在过去的一个世纪里,温室气体在导致全球地表温度上升方面承担了大部分责任。一项新研究的结果表明,烟尘也造成了相当大的破坏。

美国国家航空航天局戈达德空间研究所的詹姆斯·E·汉森和哥伦比亚大学的拉里萨·纳扎连科在今天在线发表于《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一篇论文中报告说,烟尘可能导致了自1880年以来观测到的全部变暖的25%。研究人员重点关注黑碳对雪反照率的影响——即其将阳光反射回太空的能力。事实证明,黑色、烟尘覆盖的雪比干净的白色雪吸收的太阳能明显更多。这会产生正反馈,黑碳融化雪,从而浓缩烟尘密度,进而导致吸收更多的热量。事实上,汉森和纳扎连科确定,这些污染颗粒升高温度的效率是二氧化碳的两倍。他们观察到,这种活动可能部分导致北半球春季提前、北极海冰变薄和冰川萎缩的趋势。

汉森指出,温室气体仍然是上个世纪气候变暖的主要原因,并且在未来仍将是变暖的主要因素。好消息是,烟尘排放可能比温室气体更容易降低。研究人员写道:“现有技术可以大大减少烟尘,” “将雪的反照率恢复到接近原始的水平,同时为气候、人类健康、农业生产力和环境美学带来多重其他好处。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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