纳米技术用于新器官

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科学家们已经朝着创造人类器官(如肝脏和肾脏)迈出了可能关键的一步。麻省理工学院和哈佛医学院的研究人员从人体自身的血管系统获得启发,构建了一种微型设备,能够为器官细胞供应氧气和营养。

近期制造新器官的努力成果有限。虽然研究人员已经成功制造出皮肤和软骨,但功能性重要器官仍然难以实现。麻省理工学院的穆罕默德·卡泽姆普尔-莫弗拉德 (Mohammad Kaazempur-Mofrad) 解释说,问题在于,尽管传统的组织工程方法为组织细胞提供了支架,但它们没有提供滋养肝脏和肾脏等器官所需的血管支持。

为了解决这个问题,卡泽姆普尔-莫弗拉德和他的同事们使用分形计算模型来设计模拟实际血管复杂分支模式的网络。然后,他们将这些纳米网络蚀刻到硅表面上,硅表面反过来又充当生物相容性聚合物薄膜的模具。下一步是将微孔膜夹在两层薄膜之间并将它们密封在一起。


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卡泽姆普尔-莫弗拉德昨天在纽约市举行的美国微生物学会生物-微-纳米系统会议上报告说:“我们的微细加工设备可以有效地为人类肝脏和肾脏细胞提供氧气和营养,以维持它们在实验室中至少一周的活力。” 在实验中,掺入人工血管网络的肾脏细胞有 96% 存活了一周;肝脏细胞有 95% 存活了两周。植入大鼠体内的肝脏系统持续了一周。

到目前为止,该团队仅试验了单层设备,而不是研究人员认为代表一个可操作的肝脏所需的 30 到 50 层。“但最终目标,”卡泽姆普尔-莫弗拉德评论道,“是制造完整的功能性器官。”

"Less is More in Medicine," by A. Paul Alivisatos (大众科学, September 2001), is available for purchase from 大众科学 Digital. "Growing New Organs," by David J. Mooney and Antonios G. Mikos (大众科学, April 1999), is available for purchase from 大众科学 Digital. "Skin: The First Tissue-Engineered Products," by Nancy Parenteau and Gail Naughton (大众科学, April 1999), is available for purchase from 大众科学 Digital. "Tissue Engineering: The Challenges Ahead," by Robert S. Langer and Joseph P. Vacanti (大众科学, April 1999), is available for purchase from 大众科学 Digital.

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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