基因研究解释了人类的健谈和猿类的沉默

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人类与大型猿类有许多共同特征,但少数关键特征使我们与众不同,其中之一就是我们能言善辩的口才。事实上,一些学者认为语言是人类文化发展的先决条件。然而,言语究竟是如何以及何时在我们的祖先中进化出来的,一直难以解释。

新的发现可能有助于解开这个谜团。在今天《自然》杂志在线发表的一篇科学论文中,研究人员报告说,他们发现了一种与语言相关的基因FOXP2的人类变体与在我们的近亲大型猿类中发现的版本之间存在重要差异。对黑猩猩、大猩猩、猩猩、猕猴、小鼠和人类中编码FOXP2蛋白的DNA进行测序显示,人类FOXP2在DNA的氨基酸构建块中包含独特的改变。该研究的作者,德国莱比锡马克斯·普朗克进化人类学研究所的斯万特·帕博及其同事表示,这一发现和其他证据“强烈表明,该基因一直是近期人类进化过程中选择的目标”。

研究人员推测,人类FOXP2中明显的改变可能解释了我们能够精细控制嘴和喉部运动的能力——这是大型猿类所缺乏的天赋。如果是这样,并且如果如该团队的估计所表明的那样,该变体在人类历史的最后20万年(大约是解剖学意义上的现代人类出现的时间)在人类群体中确立下来,那么口才可能成为他们扩张的驱动力。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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