远古土壤暗示更早的陆地生命

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栖息于海洋的微生物已经存在了至少38亿年。然而,它们究竟何时登上陆地一直不清楚。到目前为止,关于陆地生命最古老且无可争议的证据来自亚利桑那州12亿年前的化石。但今天在《自然》杂志上描述的研究可能会将这个日期推后14亿多年。根据该报告,在追溯到26亿至27亿年前的土壤中检测到了有机物质。

宾夕法尼亚州立大学地球化学家大本洋和他的同事在南非普马兰加省的远古土壤样本中发现了所谓的还原碳。他们根据附近已知年代的矿床确定了土壤的年代。然后,在排除了碳来自很久以前形成的石墨晶体的可能性,或者它代表土壤形成后沉积的液态碳氢化合物(如石油)的可能性之后,该团队对其起源只剩下一个解释。他们说,碳可能来自古代细菌席。更重要的是,从它们的碳同位素值来看,这些菌席几乎可以肯定是陆生的,这与在海洋沉积岩中发现的有机碳的碳同位素值截然不同。

至于是什么类型的微生物形成了这些菌席,该团队尚不确定。但它们很可能是有光合作用的蓝绿藻。研究人员总结说,发现如此早期的陆地生物,“可能意味着臭氧层在26亿多年前就在大气中形成了。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大众科学 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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