保护我们食物供应的 4 项技术

追踪包裹和食物来源将加快召回速度并减少污染风险

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编者注:我们发布这篇来自 2007 年 9 月刊的故事,作为我们关于最近沙门氏菌爆发的深入报告的一部分。

如果天然病原体或作恶者污染了食物,如果能快速检测出受污染的产品,然后追溯到其原产地,以便追踪或召回剩余批次,那么就能拯救生命。以下正在开发的技术可能会有所帮助

微流体检测器——肉毒梭菌产生已知最毒的毒素。它们和类似物质(如破伤风)可以通过微流体芯片(指甲大小的独立诊断实验室)在食品加工过程中检测出来。威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校正在研制一种芯片,该芯片内衬有通过磁珠固定的抗体,可以在牛奶生产过程中检测肉毒杆菌。该芯片可以在牛奶被输送到离开乳品厂的油罐车之前或之后,以及在生产工厂进行巴氏消毒之前或之后对牛奶进行采样。其他芯片可以在各种液体加工厂(如生产苹果汁、汤或婴儿配方奶粉的工厂)检测其他毒素。


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主动包装——大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和其他病原体可以通过包装上的小窗口进行检测,例如肉类周围的玻璃纸或花生酱周围的塑料罐。“智能”窗口将包含与微生物产生的酶或代谢物结合的抗体,如果发生这种情况,贴片将变色。挑战在于用可以安全接触食物的材料和反应物制作窗口。如果内容物达到某个 pH 值或暴露于高温,表明已变质,类似的生物传感器也会发生反应。它们还可以感知包装是否被篡改,例如,通过对注射器施加的压力或通过穿孔孔渗入的氧气做出反应。

RFID 标签——现在,一些精选食品的托盘或箱子带有射频识别 (RFID) 标签,当扫描仪读取时,会指示该批次来自哪个农场或加工厂。未来更小、更智能、更便宜的代币可以装饰单个包装,并记录它们经过的每个设施和时间。佛罗里达大学正在设计可以通过液体读取的标签(传统设计无法读取),因此可以嵌入酸奶油或酸奶容器的壁内。该大学还在开发可以记录包装暴露温度的主动标签。

食用标签——制造商通常将来自多个种植者的作物(例如菠菜叶)组合到一个零售包装中,因此贴在袋子上的标签可能无助于调查人员将污染追溯到特定来源。ARmark 认证技术可以使用由食用材料(例如纤维素、植物油或蛋白质)制成的喷雾,将指示原产地的微观标记直接印在菠菜叶、苹果或狗粮颗粒上。此外,微小的尺寸会让恐怖分子难以伪造,使他们更难将掺有毒素的假冒食品偷偷带过检查员并进入供应链。作为替代方案,DataLase 可以用直径为半英寸的食用薄膜喷涂柑橘类水果或肉类,然后用激光束照射该薄膜,在薄膜内写入识别码。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大众科学 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大众科学 Mind and 大众科学 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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